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ANSWER MAN.TEXT.txt
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2003-06-12
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THIS MONTH:
I/O ERRORS -- THEIR CAUSE & CURE
INDEX:
1. WHAT IS AN I/O? LINE 029
2. WHAT CAUSES ERRORS? LINE 063
3. HOW CAN I RECOVER LINE 226
FROM THEM?
WHAT IS AN I/O?
AN I/O IS AN INPUT OR OUTPUT
OPERATION. IT IS AN INPUT IF IT MOVES
SOME INFORMATION INTO THE COMPUTER'S
MEMORY. IT IS AN OUTPUT IF IT MOVES
INFORMATION OUT OF MEMORY.
SOME DEVICES ARE INPUT ONLY--THE
KEYBOARD AND PADDLES, FOR INSTANCE.
OTHERS ARE OUTPUT ONLY--THE MONITOR &
THE SPEAKER. THE MOST COMMON I/O
DEVICE FOR THE APPLE IS THE FLOPPY
DISK DRIVE. IT IS AN INPUT DEVICE
WHEN IT IS LOADING PROGRAMS OR DATA
INTO MEMORY, AND AN OUTPUT DEVICE WHEN
DATA FROM MEMORY IS BEING WRITTEN OUT
TO IT.
WHAT CAUSES ERRORS:
THE COMMON DENOMINATOR IN ALL I/O
ERRORS IS THAT, FOR WHATEVER REASON,
AN I/O DEVICE WAS UNABLE TO TRANSFER
INTACT THE INFORMATION REQUESTED.
SOME DEVICES HAVE NO WAY OF KNOWING
IF THE INFORMATION SENT IS CORRECT
(LIKE THE MONITOR OR THE PADDLES), BUT
OTHERS (DISKS, CASSETTES, MODEMS) CAN
CHECK THE INFORMATION FOR CORRECTNESS.
(THEY CHECK THE INFORMATION FOR VALID
PARITY AND CHECKSUMS, BUT THOSE
SUBJECTS BELONG IN ANOTHER ARTICLE.)
A VARIETY OF THINGS CAN CAUSE THE
INFORMATION ON A FLOPPY DISK TO BE
UNREADABLE. THIS INFORMATION IS SAVED
IN THE FORM OF TINY MAGNETIC IMPULSES
ON THE SURFACE OF THE DISK--8 IMPULSES
PER CHARACTER--OVER 1.1 MILLION OF
THEM ON EACH FLOPPY.
ANYTHING THAT PUSHES THE READ/WRITE
HEAD AWAY FROM THE DISK CAN CAUSE SOME
OF THOSE IMPULSES TO BE MISSED. DUST,
FINGERPRINTS, GRIT OR SOIL OF ANY KIND
ON THE DISK IS ALL IT TAKES TO CAUSE
SOME BITS OF INFORMATION TO BE MISSED.
WORSE, GRIT ON THE DISK'S SURFACE CAN
SCRATCH AWAY AT THE MAGNETIC SURFACE
UNTIL THERE IS EFFECTIVELY A HOLE ON
THE DISK WHERE NO INFORMATION CAN BE
STORED.
LIKEWISE, YOU SHOULD AVOID BENDING
OR DENTING YOUR DISKETTES: EACH DENT
OR MAR IS A VAST AREA WHERE HUNDREDS
OR THOUSANDS OF BITS CANNOT BE STORED.
THE WARNING TO USE FELT-TIP MARKERS TO
WRITE ON LABELS IS INTENDED TO PREVENT
YOU FROM PRESSING TOO HARD ON THE DISK
WITH A BALL-POINT OR PENCIL AND MAKING
A DENT.
ANOTHER MAJOR THREAT TO THE DATA ON
YOUR DISKETTES IS MAGNETISM. EVEN AN
INSTANT OF EXPOSURE TO A POWERFUL
MAGNET IS ENOUGH TO ERASE THE MINUTE
MAGNETIC IMPULSES THAT MAKE UP THE
VITAL INFORMATION YOU HAVE ON YOUR
DISK.
BUT STRONG MAGNETS ARE NOT THE ONLY
MAGNETIC HAZARD YOUR DISKS MUST AVOID.
PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO WEAK MAGNETIC
FIELDS CAN WREAK JUST AS MUCH HAVOC.
SOME PRODUCERS OF WEAK, BUT POSSIBLY
HAZARDOUS MAGNETIC FIELDS ARE:
ELECTRIC MOTORS
POWER SUPPLIES (LIKE THE ONE INSIDE
YOUR APPLE)
TV SETS AND MONITORS
TRANSFORMERS
SPEAKERS
REFRIDGERATOR DOORS
YOUR BEST POLICY IS TO KEEP YOUR DISKS
ISOLATED FROM ANY MAGNETIC INFLUENCE.
ANOTHER FACTOR GENERATING I/O
ERRORS IS DRIVE INCOMPATIBILITY.
YOUR DRIVE AND ANOTHER MAY NOT PRODUCE
INTERCHANGEABLE DISKS FOR SEVERAL
REASONS:
ROTATIONAL SPEED MAY BE WRONG
ONE OF THEM MAY HAVE (SHUDDER)
DIRTY HEADS
READ OR WRITE AMPLIFICATION COULD
BE OUT OF ADJUSTMENT
HEAD TRACKING COULD BE MISALIGNED
A FELT HEAD-LOAD PAD COULD BE
WORN OUT
THE POINT IS THAT ANY DRIVE THAT IS
NOT MAINTAINED WITHIN ITS SPECIFI-
CATIONS WILL FAIL TO READ DISKS MADE
ON DRIVES THAT ARE ADJUSTED CORRECTLY,
AND WILL PRODUCE DISKS THAT WILL NOT
WORK ON OTHER DRIVES.
IF YOU FIND YOU ARE HAVING A LOT
OF I/O ERRORS, OR COMPATIBILITY
PROBLEMS, YOU SHOULD PROBABLY THINK
ABOUT GETTING YOUR DRIVE TUNED UP.
HOW TO RECOVER FROM I/O ERRORS:
FIRST: TRY YOUR BACKUP. IF YOU
HAVE NO BACKUP, THEN TRY SOME OF THESE
TRICKS.
NORMALLY, DOS WILL SPEND SIX FULL
DISK REVOLUTIONS TRYING TO FIND THE
SECTOR IT WANTS. IF YOU HEAR YOUR
DISK DRIVE BUZZING (RECALIBRATING),
THAT MEANS IT COULDN'T FIND THE SECTOR
IN THE FIRST THREE REVOLUTIONS. YOU
CAN MAKE IT LOOK FOR UP TO 8 DISK
ROTATIONS BEFORE IT RECALIBRATES.
JUST TYPE: "POKE 48573,128". (128 IS
THE NUMBER OF SECTORS THE READ/WRITE
HEAD WILL READ LOOKING FOR THE RIGHT
ONE. 128/16 SECTORS PER ROTATION =
8 ROTATIONS.)
OR YOU MAY WANT TO INCREASE THE
NUMBER OF RECALIBRATIONS YOUR DRIVE
GOES THROUGH BEFORE IT GIVES UP. TO
DO THAT TYPE: "POKE 48389,N", WHERE N
IS THE NUMBER OF RECALIBRATIONS YOU
WANT. USUALLY, 9 IS MORE THAN ENOUGH.
THESE POKES MESS WITH DOS, SO YOU MAY
WANT TO RE-BOOT WHEN YOU ARE FINISHED
WITH THEM.
IF YOU ARE STILL GETTING THE I/O
ERROR, RESIGN YOURSELF TO THE FACT
THAT YOU HAVE LOST SOME DATA, AND TRY
THIS: WHEN THE DRIVE STARTS BUZZING,
OPEN AND CLOSE THE DRIVE DOOR A FEW
TIMES. YOU MIGHT 1) SUCCESSFULLY
READ THE DATA, 2) HAVE ANOTHER I/O
ERROR, OR 3) READ INVALID DATA, BUT
FOOL THE COMPUTER INTO BELIEVING IT
WAS VALID.
SOME FINAL THOUGHTS:
THE BEST WAY TO PREVENT I/O ERRORS
IS TO STOP THEM BEFORE THEY HAPPEN.
MAKE A BACKUP COPY THE FIRST TIME YOU
HEAR YOUR DRIVE RECALIBRATE (EXCEPT
WHEN BOOTING). IF YOU WAIT THE DISK
MAY CONTINUE TO DETERIORATE AND COST
YOU SOME DATA.
AND FINALLY, DON'T HESITATE TO RE-
USE DISKS THAT HAVE HAD I/O ERRORS.
THE DOS "INIT" COMMAND (OR COPYA) WILL
CHECK THE DISK SURFACE AND USE ONLY
THOSE AREAS THAT ARE INTACT. IF INIT
FAILS THE DISK IS USELESS.
JIM WEILER
THE ANSWER MAN IS HERE TO ANSWER YOUR
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QUESTIONS. SEND US YOUR TOPICS FOR
HIM TO ANSWER.
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